Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Blood of Pigs Infected by Mycoplasma suis and Application of Giemsa Staining Method in Diagnosis

Date Received: 18-04-2025

Date Accepted: 22-11-2025

Date Published: 24-12-2025

##submissions.doi##: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2025.23.12.02

Views

61

Downloads

30

Issue: Vol. 23 No. 12 (2025): Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam

Section:

CHĂN NUÔI – THÚ Y – THỦY SẢN

How to Cite:

Nhung, N., Dao, B., Nga, B., Son, N., Hai, T., hoa, N., … Trang, P. (2025). Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Blood of Pigs Infected by Mycoplasma suis and Application of Giemsa Staining Method in Diagnosis. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(12), 1573–1581. https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2025.23.12.02

Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Blood of Pigs Infected by Mycoplasma suis and Application of Giemsa Staining Method in Diagnosis

Nguyen Phuong Nhung 1 , Bui Tran Anh Dao 1 , Bui Thi To Nga 1 , Nguyen Vu Son , Tran Minh Hai , Nguyen Thi hoa 1 , Nguyen Thi Lua , Lai Thi Lan Huong 2 , Pham Hong Trang (*)

  • Tác giả liên hệ: [email protected]
  • 1 Khoa Thú y
  • 2 Khoa Thú y, Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam

    • Keywords

    Physiology, biochemistry, blood, Mycoplasma suis, Giemsa

    Abstract


    Mycoplasma infectious in pigs causes long-term economical impact for Vietnam’s swine husbandry. The present study compared hematological parameters between non- and infected sows complying with blood smear Giemsa staining for pathogen’s detection. Physiological indicators for red blood cell qualities such as RBC, HCT, MHC and MCHC were lower in sick group (P <0.05). AST, indirect bilirubin and creatinin of infected pigs were significantly elevated compared to healthy pigs. In contrast, blood glucose was lower than that of healthy oigs (P <0.05). ALT, urea and direct bilirubin showed no significantly difference between two groups. Unique feature of purple round or oval M. suis staining with Giemsa were captured on the surface of RBC or scattered in plasma of blood smear. Erythrocytic pathology was characterized by stellate degeneration and deformation at various degrees. Hematological indices in this study not only determine the status of M. suis infection but also confirm the stage of infection. Giemsa staining with simple protocol can be a applicapble diagnostic method for practical conditions in Vietnam.

    References

    Acosta D.B., Ruiz M. & Sanchez J.P. (2019). First molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in the pig louse Haematopinus suis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) from Argentina. Acta Trop. 194: 165-168.

    Ade J., Eddicks M., Ritzmann M., Hoelzle K., Hoelzle L. & Stadler J. (2024) Heamotrophic Mycoplasmas infecting pigs: A review of the current Knowledge. Microorganisms 12(7): 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071267.

    CDC. (2016). Quy trình nhuộm tiêu bản máu bằng thuốc nhuộm Giemsa. Truy cập từ https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/blood/staining.html#print ngày 20/01/2025.

    Cong L. Yuan, Ai B. Liang, Cong B. Yao, Zhi B. Yang, Jian G. Zhu, Li Cui, Fei Yu, Ning Y. Zhu, Xiao W. Yang & Xiu G. Hua. (2008). Prevalence of Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) infection in swine and swine-farm workers in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 70(7): 890-894.

    Dias G.B., do Amaral R.B., Gatto I.R.H., Lapera I.M., de Oliveira L.G., Lux Hoppe E.G., Machado R.Z. & André M.R. (2019). Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in captive white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Brazil. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 63: 94-96.

    Felder K.M., Hoelzle K., Heinritzi K., Ritzmann M. & Hoelzle L.E. (2010). Antibodies to actin in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. BMC Vet. Res. 6: 1-9.

    Felder K.M., Hoelzle K., Ritzmann M., Kilchling T., Schiele D., Heinritzi K., Groebel K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2011). Hemotrophic mycoplasmas induce programmed cell death in red blood cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 27: 557-564.

    Fu Y., Shi T., Xu L., Wei W., Lu F., Zhang X., Yuan X., Li J., Lv J. & Fang W. (2017). Identification of a novel Hemoplasma species from pigs in Zhejiang province, China. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 79: 864-870.

    Gattinger B., Spergser J., Wille-Piazzai W., Kolodziejek J., Tichy A. & Joachim A. (2008). Detection of Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) suis by real-time PCR. Wien. Tierarztl. Monatsschrift. 95(22).

    Groebel K., Hoelzle K., Wittenbrink M., Ziegler U. & Hoelzle L. (2008). Mycoplasma suis invades porcine erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 77(2): 576-584.

    Guimaraes A.M., Vieira R.F., Poletto R., Vemulapalli R., Santos A.P., de Moraes W., Cubas Z.S., Santos L.C., Marchant-Forde J.N., Timenetsky J., Biondo A.W. & Messick J.B.. (2011). A quantitative TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma suis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 111(2): 417-425.

    Hoelzle K., Engels M., Kramer M.M., Wittenbrink M.M., Dieckmann S.M. & Hoelzle L.E. (2010). Occurrence of Mycoplasma suis in wild boars (Sus scrofa L.). Vet. Microbiol. 143: 405-409.

    Hoelzle L.E. (2008). Haemotrophic mycoplasmas: recent advances in Mycoplasma suis. Vet Microbiol. 130(3-4): 215-26. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.023.

    Hoelzle L.E., Helbling M., Hoelzle K., Ritzmann M., Heinritzi K. & Wittenbrink M.M. (2007). First LightCycler real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of Mycoplasma suis in clinical samples. J. Microbiol. Methods. 70: 346-354.

    Hoelzle L.E., Zeder M., Felder K.M. & Hoelzle K. (2014) Pathobiology of Mycoplasma suis. Vet. J. Lond. Engl. 1997(202):20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.023.

    Ligasová A., Vydržalová M., Buriánová R., Brůčková L., Večeřová R., Janošťáková A. & Koberna K. (2019). A New Sensitive Method for the Detection of Mycoplasmas Using Fluorescence Microscopy. Cells. 8(12): 1510.

    Ludwig E Hoelzle, Katharina Hoelzle, Marianne Helbling, Heike Aupperle, Heinz A Schoon, Mathias Ritzmann, Karl Heinritzi, Kathrin M Felder & Max M Wittenbrink (2007). MSG1, a surface-localised protein of Mycoplasma suis is involved in the adhesion to erythrocytes. Microbes and Infection. 9(4): 466-474

    Ludwig E. Hoelzle, Michael Zeder, Kathrin M. Felder & Katharina Hoelzle (2014). Pathobiology of Mycoplasma suis. The Veterinary Journal. 202(1): 20-25

    Mathieu Brissonnier, Valérie Normand, Arnaud Lebret, Pierre-Yves Moalic, Anne-Sophie Guyomard, Véronique Bachy, Pauline Berton, Vincent Auvigne, Franck Bouchet, Gwenaël Boulbrian (2020). Frequency of infection with Mycoplasma suis in gestating sows using qPCR on ten commercial French herds, and impact of the infection on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters. Porcine Health Management. 6:13. doi: 10.1186/s40813-020-00152-4.

    Nguyễn Ngọc Hải, Bùi Thị Diệu Mai, & Diệp An Thành Long (2021). Hiệu quả điều trị Mycoplasma suis của một số loại kháng sinh thông qua các chỉ tiêu sinh hóa máu và tình trạ̣ng sức khỏe trên heo con cai sữa. Tạp chí Khoa học Kỹ thuật Chăn nuôi. 265.

    Normand V., Boulbria G., Brissonnier M., Bachy V., Moalic P., Berton P., Bouchet F. & Lebret A. (2020). Comparison of qPCR and blood smear microscopy for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma suis in a French veterinary practice. Porc. Health Manag. 6: 4-7.

    Plank G. & Heinritzi K. (1990). Disseminated intravascular coagulation in eperythrozoonosis of swine. Berl Much Tierarztl Wochenschr. 103(1): 13-18.

    Ritzmann M., Grimm J., Heinritzi K., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2009). Prevalence of Mycoplasma suis in slaughter pigs, with correlation of PCR results to hematological findings. Vet Microbiol.133: 84-91.

    Santana M.d.S., Hoppe E.G.L., Carraro P.E., Calchi A.C., de Oliveira L.B., do Amaral R.B., Mongruel A.C.B., Machado D.M.R., Burger K.P. & Barros-Batestti D.M. (2022). Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks from Brazil, with evidence of putative new genotypes of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and haemoplasmas. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 69: 2808-2831.

    Schreiner S.A., Hoelzle K., Hofmann-Lehmann R., Hamburger A., Wittenbrink M.M., Kramer M.M., Sokoli A., Felder K.M., Groebel K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2012). Nanotransformation of the haemotrophic Mycoplasma suis during in vitro cultivation attempts using modified cell free Mycoplasma media. Vet. Microbiol. 160: 227-232.

    Schreiner S.A., Sokoli A., Felder K.M., Wittenbrink M.M., Schwarzenbach S., Guhl B., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2012). The surfacelocalised α-enolase of Mycoplasma suis is an adhesion protein. Vet. Microbiol. 156: 88-95.

    Schwarz L., Strauss A., Loncaric I., Spergser J., Auer A., Rümenapf T. & Ladinig A. (2020) The Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as a Possible Vector Transmitting Pathogens in Austrian Pig Farms. Microorganisms. 8: 1476.

    Sharifuzzaman M., Hong-Seok Mun, Keiven Mark B. Ampode, Eddiemar B. Lagua, Hae-Rang Park, Young-Hwa Kim, Md Kamrul Hasan and Chul-Ju Yang. (2024). Smart pig farming - a journey ahead of Vietnam. Agriculture. 14,555

    Stadler J., Ritzmann M., Heinritzi K., Wittenbrink M.M. and Hoelze K. (2008). Investigation of the distribution of Mycoplasma suis in Germanry by realtime PCR. Tierarztliche Umschau. 63. 21-25

    Stadler J., Ade J., Hermanns W., Ritzmann M., Wentzel S., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2021). Clinical, haematological and pathomorphological findings in Mycoplasma suis infected pigs. BMC Vet. Res. 17: 214.

    Stadler J., Jannasch C., Mack S.L., Dietz S., Zöls S., Ritzmann M., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2014). Clinical and haematological characterisation of Mycoplasma suis infections in splenectomised and non-splenectomised pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 172: 294-300.

    Stadler J., Willi S., Ritzmann M., Eddicks M., Ade J., Hoelzle K. & Hoelzle L.E. (2019). Detection of Mycoplasma suis in pre-suckling piglets indicates a vertical transmission. BMC Vet Res. 15: 252. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2001-y.

    Stefanie Dietz, SarahLena Mack, Katharina Hoelzle, Katja Becker, Carolin Jannasch, Julia Stadler, Mathias Ritzmann & Ludwig E. Hoelzle. (2014). Quantitative PCR analysis of Mycoplasma suis shedding patterns during experimental infection. Veterinary Microbiology. 172 (3-4): 581-585.

    Strait E.L., Hawkins P.A. & Wilson W.D. (2012). Dysgalactia associated with Mycoplasma suis infection in a sow herd. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 241: 1666-1667.

    Valérie Normand, Gwenaël Boulbria, Mathieu Brissonnier, Véronique Bachy, Pierre-Yves Moalic, Pauline Berton, Franck Bouchet & Arnaud Lebret. (2020). Comparison of qPCR and blood smear microscopy for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma suis in a French veterinary practice. Porcine Health Management. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-019-0143-8

    Watanabe Y., Fujihara M., Suzuki J., Sasaoka F., Nagai K. & Harasawa R. (2012). Prevalence of swine hemoplasmas revealed by real-time PCR using 16S rRNA gene primers. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 74: 1315-1318.