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Effects of Mixing Ratios and Types of Compost used in Growing Substrate on the Growth and Yield of Malabar Spinach (Basella alba L.) at Gia Lam - Ha Noi

Thieu Thi Phong Thu, Giang A Cong

Date Received: 16-12-2024 / Date Accepted: 24-02-2025 / Date Published: 28-02-2025
The study was conducted to determine the mixing ratio and type of compost used in the growing substrate suitable for the growth and yield of Basella alba L. The factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications including 6 treatments (P1G1, P1G2, P1G3, P2G1, P2G2, P2G3) of 2 types of compost (P1 and P2) and 3 mixing ratios of compost in growing substrate (G1 (1 soil : 1 burnt rice husk : 1 compost); G2 (1 soil : 1 burnt rice husk : 2 compost); G3 (1 soil : 1 burnt rice husk : 3 compost)). The monitored parameters included plant height, stem diameter, SPAD index, leaf area, dry matter weight, yield and nitrate content in the plant. The results showed that increasing the ratio of compost P1 or P2 mixed in the growing substrate had a positive effect on the growth and physiological parameters, thereby significantly increasing the individual yield of malabar spinach. The nitrate contents in plant fertilized with compost P1 and P2 at different mixing ratios were within the allowable limits of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Therefore, compost P1 and P2 should be fertilized with a substrate ratio of 1 soil: 1 burnt rice husk: 3 compost for better growth, high yield and quality of malabar spinach.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2025.23.2.01
Effect of Compost and Micro-Organic Fertilizers to Growth, Development Yield of Cucumber Produced Following Organic Production Direction at Gialam-Hanoi

Pham Tien Dung, Do Thi Huong

Date Received: 16-01-2012 / Date Accepted: 18-04-2012 / Date Published: 13-06-2025
Two field experiments employing Split-plot and Randomized Complete Block were carried out in spring of 2010 and 2011, respectively, at Gialam-Hanoi with the aim of determining compost dose and micro-organic fertilizer types suitable to cucumber. Research results showed that 30 tones of compost and 2,500 kg of Song Gianh micro-organic fertilizer per ha could be applied to Thuan Thanh Cucumber varierty with high economic effectiveness, net income, high quality and safe product.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2012.10.2.
Methane Emission from Paddy Field Applied with Different Organic Matter Forms from Rice Straw

Nguyen Duc Hung, Nguyen Tho Hoang, Nguyen Huu Thanh

Date Received: 24-04-2018 / Date Accepted: 04-10-2018
This study was conducted to investigate CH4 emission as influenced by different organic matter forms from rice straw applied to paddy field (Eutric Fluvisols) planted with rice culivar Khang Dan 18 in the Spring and Summer seasons of 2015 and 2016. Keeping inorganic NPK level constant (100 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 80 kg K2O/ha), organic matter amendments included chopped rice straw (4500 kg/ha1), biochar produced from rice straw and compost (produced from 4500 kg rice straw). The emission rates of CH4 were measured by using the closed chamber method. Results showed that CH4 emission rates differed markedly with the forms of organic matter application. Pure application of mineral fertilizers yielded lowest CH4 emission rate but highest rice grain yield. In contrast, amendment with chopped rice-straw resulted in highest CH4 emission rate and lowest rice grain yield. Biochar and compost application lowered CH4 emission rate as compared with rice straw amendment. However, application of compost maintained rice yield comparable to mineral fertilizer.
Effect of Composted Rice Straw Supplemented with Trichodermaon Growth and Yield of Three High Yield Rice Varieties MTL392, OM4900 and JASMINE85

Nguyen Thanh Hoi, Mai Vu Duy, Le Vinh Thuc, Nguyen Hong Phu, Vuong Ngoc Dang Khoa

Date Received: 11-04-2014 / Date Accepted: 15-07-2014
Experiment was carried out in green house to determine rice growth and yield on different of compost producedfromrice straw treated with Trichodermasp. Factorialexperimentin completelyrandomizeddesign was used with 2 factorsand3 replications; factor 1 (A): compost produced fromrice straw (0; 5 and 10 tons/ha) and factor 2 (B): rice varieties (MTL392, OM4900 and Jasmine85). The results indicated that the 10 tons/ha compost application in 1st Autumn-Winter crop gave 10.4% of rice yield higher than thecontrol. The application of 5 tons of compost/ha in two rice crops (Autumn-Winter and Winter-Spring) increased number of tillers and rice yield on Jasmine85 (8.08 tons/ha) in 2nd Winter-Springcrop.
Effect of Composting Methods of Agricultural by-Products on Quality of Compost and Its Application in Cucumber Cultivation

Thieu Thi Phong Thu, Chu Thi Dieu Linh

Date Received: 03-01-2024 / Date Accepted: 28-05-2024 / Date Published: 12-06-2025
The experiment was conducted to determine suitable composting method to convert agricultural by-product into organic fertilizer and evaluate effect on the growth and yield of cucumber in 2023 spring season. The experiments were carried out at the field of the Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture. The traditional aerobic composting and mix aerobic composting were tested to compost agricultural by-products consisting of rice straw, chicken manure and elephant grass. Research results showed that the mix aerobic composting method produced higher mass and quality of compost in comparison with traditional method. Combination treatment of mix aerobic compost with chemical nitrogen fertilizers had a positive effect on growth, development and yields of cucumber than other treatments.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2024.22.5.
Industrial Livestock Waste: A View Angle from Treatment Methods

Nguyen Van Thao, Nguyen Xuan Hoa, Nguyen Tho Hoang, Hoang Quoc Viet, Cao Viet Ha, Pham Van Cuong

Date Received: 28-11-2024 / Date Accepted: 14-08-2025 / Date Published: 28-08-2025
The experiment aimed to determine the effects of treatment conditions (aerobic, anaerobic) and seasons (Spring, Summer) on the composting process of industrial livestock waste (cow, chicken, pig). The wastes were co-composted with biochar at a ratio of 9:1 (v/v) under different conditions to analyze the changes during composting. The results showed that aerobic treatment conditions were suitable for all types of waste. The anaerobic composting method, which produced compost product with higher nutritional and organic content but carried harmful microorganisms (E. coli, Salmonella) exceeding the standard. After 30 days of composting, cow manure possessed highest organic content (46.54-47.67%) and a total NPK content of 4.04-4.43%, but C/N ratio was higher than the regulation (> 12). In contrast, chicken waste compost possessed lowest organic matter content (36.46-37.59%), but highest total NPK content (5.05-5.44%) and met the standard for C/N ratio. In addition, pig waste compost possessed an average organic matter content and lowest total NPK content value. In both Spring and Summer, chicken waste and biochar, which were treated aerobically, had NPK nutrient content, pH, C/N ratio and heavy metal content (As, Pb, Cd, Hg) meeting the organic fertilizer standards according to QCVN 01-189-2019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2025.23.8.10
Combination of Organic Fertilizers with Green Manure for Organic Rice Cultivation in Phu Yen - Son La

Tang Thi Hanh, Pham Van Cuong, Dinh Mai Thuy Linh

Date Received: 08-02-2025 / Date Published: 21-02-2025
A field study was conducted in 2023 Spring and Summer-Autumn cropping seaons in Quang Huy commune, Phu Yen district, Son La province to determine the most suitable combination ratio of organic fertilizers for organic rice cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, including 9 treatments of combining of compost (PCU), industrial organic fertilizer (HCCN) and green manure (PX), in which the control applied 100% HCCN. The N content conversion in the treatments was equivalent to the control. Green manure was soybeans sown from the Winter season in 2022. The results showed that PX increased soil organic matter content from 0.4 to 1.9% after the Spring cropping season and increased from 0.4 to 0.6% after Summer-Autumn cropping seasons compared to the control. Green manure increased the total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents after the Spring cropping season from 0.04 to 0.07%, from 1.32 to 2.16 mg/100g and from 0.51 to 0.71 mg/100g, respectively, compared to the control. Winter PX + 50% PCU + 25% HCCN was the best combination treatment for organic rice cultivation in Son La with grain yield of 58.4 quintals/ha in Spring cropping season (5.9 quintals/ha higher compared to the control) and 51.2 quintals/ha in the Summer-Autumn cropping season (3.7 quintals/ha higher compared to the control), with additional profit of 17.2 million VND/ha/year.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1234/75gnmp85
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Pig Production in the Context Restructuring Livestock Sector in Hai Duong Province

Tran Van Quan, Tran Dinh Thao, Nguyen Tho Quang Anh

Date Received: 25-11-2019 / Date Accepted: 10-02-2020
Hai Duong is one of the leading agricultural development provinces, especially the livestock sector. The pig herdsof the province areannually about 600 thousands ofheads. The objective of the study wasto assess the current status of livestock production, pollution andeconomic efficiency of thereductions in the greenhouse gas emissions.The study was conducted based on the secondary data and surveyeddata of 120 household farms, combined with in-depth interviews withtheofficials and technical experts in Hai Duong province. The results showedthatfarming householdsare currently using three measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in pig production, including biogas, enzyme probiotics and composting.In which, the composting method showedthe highest profit-cost ratio with 2.98 times,followingby 1.94times in biogas and the least is 1.21 timesby using probiotic enzymes,
Effectiveness of Organic Foliar-Fertilizers to Growth and Yield of Bacthom 7 Rice Variety to be Produced by Organic Direction at GiaLam, Hanoi

Dung Pham Tien

Date Received: 04-11-2011 / Date Accepted: 27-02-2012 / Date Published: 13-06-2025
In order to help farmers adopt organic foliar feririlizers available a comparative study on their effectiveness was conducted in Spring and Summer rice seasons on Red River Delta’s alluvial soils at Hanoi University of Agriculture. Research results indicated that for Bac Thom 7 variety, application of 12 tons and 10 tons of compost in spring and summer season, respectively, plus 1500 kg of Sông Gianh microbial organic fertilizer ha-1, together with spraying organic foliar fertilizer increased growth significantly in comarison with control (no foliar fertilizer). Among foliar fertilizers used, viz. Chelax Lay O, CHELAX Sugar Express, CHELAX Rice and combined nutrients, Chelax Lay O was most effective to the growth and productivity, followed by the combined nutrients. The corresponding economic return amounted to VND 97.3 mil. and VND 104 million ha-1, year.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2012.10.1.
Effect of Microbial-Organic Fertilizer and Plant Density on Growth, Development and Yield of Black Sticky Rice Variety ĐH6

Nguyen Thi Hao, Dam Van Hung, Nguyen Giao Ho, Vu Van Liet

Date Received: 22-09-2014 / Date Accepted: 15-09-2015 / Date Published: 13-06-2025
A study was conducted to assess the effect of organic fertilizerand plantingdensity and their interaction on physiological characteristics and yield of black sticky rice variety DH6. It was found that different levels of organic fertilizerdid not affect plant heightand growth duration. The fertilizerlevel-planting density interaction clearlyinfluenceleaf area index (LAI) and dry matteraccumulationat allgrowth stages. At eachorganic fertilizerlevel and plant density, there was no correlation between productivity and LAI at the maximum tillering stage, but closecorrelation between productivity and LAI at anthesis and ripening stages. At dough grainstage, planting density of 40 seedlings/m2yieldedhighest dry matter accumulation in all organic fertilizer compost levels. Application of of 700 - 900 kg and 900kgorganic fertilizer per spring and autumn crop, respectively, gave highest grain yields.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2015.13.6.
EffectofFly Ash on Organic Substrates andGrowth ofGerbera jamesonii

Nguyen Thi Minh, Nguyen Tu Diep, Pham Minh Hieu

Date Received: 12-06-2023 / Date Accepted: 07-03-2024 / Date Published: 12-06-2025
The purpose of this study was to determinethe effect offly ash ontheorganic substratesfor growing flower and ornamental plants in order to effectivelyreuse theagricultural and industrialwaste sources. The fly ash was added into rawmaterials toproduce organic substrate at different rates: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and incubated by the semi-aerobic method. The results indicated that the organic substrate from agricultural by-products supplemented with fly ash had goodnutritional content, limited presence of E. coliand Salmonella, withneutral pH, and acceptable heavy metal content(notexceeding QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT standard) that ensures the growth and development of flowersand ornamentalplants. The experiment of growing Gerbera jamesoniion organic substrates supplemented with fly ash showed a cleareffect on growth rate, harvested yield, and the number of flowers harvested in the treatment supplemented with 15% fly ash with 1.75 flowers higher than the control without fly ash supplement 40%. Thefly ash rate of 10-15% appeared as appropriate range to add to the compost pile of organic substrates, of which 15% was most efficient for the growth of Gerbera jamesoniiand reduction of expenses during the crop care.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2024.22.3.
EffectofFly Ash on Organic Substrates andGrowth ofGerbera jamesonii

Nguyen Thi Minh, Nguyen Tu Diep, Pham Minh Hieu

Date Received: 12-06-2023 / Date Accepted: 07-03-2024 / Date Published: 12-06-2025
The purpose of this study was to determinethe effect offly ash ontheorganic substratesfor growing flower and ornamental plants in order to effectivelyreuse theagricultural and industrialwaste sources. The fly ash was added into rawmaterials toproduce organic substrate at different rates: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and incubated by the semi-aerobic method. The results indicated that the organic substrate from agricultural by-products supplemented with fly ash had goodnutritional content, limited presence of E. coliand Salmonella, withneutral pH, and acceptable heavy metal content(notexceeding QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT standard) that ensures the growth and development of flowersand ornamentalplants. The experiment of growing Gerbera jamesoniion organic substrates supplemented with fly ash showed a cleareffect on growth rate, harvested yield, and the number of flowers harvested in the treatment supplemented with 15% fly ash with 1.75 flowers higher than the control without fly ash supplement 40%. Thefly ash rate of 10-15% appeared as appropriate range to add to the compost pile of organic substrates, of which 15% was most efficient for the growth of Gerbera jamesoniiand reduction of expenses during the crop care.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2024.22.3.
Effect ofC: N Ratio and Frequency of Turning on Nutrient Content During Chicken Manure Composting

Nguyen Tat Canh, Tran Thi Thiem, Le Van Phung

Date Received: 23-09-2019 / Date Accepted: 28-02-2020
The study was conducted to assess the effect of C: N ratio (T) and frequency of turning (D) on total nitrogen loss during chicken manure composting (chicken faeces, leftovers, feathers and sawdust) to achieve good quality compost. The ratio C: N included three levels of 20: 1, 25: 1 and 30: 1 and the frequency of turning was 1, 3 and 5 days/time. The initial physical and chemical properties of chicken manure were determined. During composting process, 55% moisture in the pile was maintained, monitoring temperature, pH and total nitrogen (TN). Total dry matter, total carbon (TC), total phosphorus and total potassium were recorded at the end of the composting process. The study results have shown that the ratio of C: N and the frequency of turning to affect significantly (p ≤0.05) to the pile temperature, the change in pH, the lost amount of TN, TC, P and K while the weight of the dry matter was only affected (p ≤0.05) by the C: N ratio. All experimental treatments were reached maturation after 75 days when the pile temperature decreased close to the ambient temperature. The total amount of nitrogen loss was mainly due to evaporation of ammonia gas (NH3) in the first 20 days after composting when the pile temperature and pH reached 30oC and 7.5. The experimental treatment of turning every 3 days, the C: N 25:1 ratio (D3T25) has the lowest total nitrogen loss.
Design and Manufacture ofDrying Mixer in the Production of Organic FertilizerandOrganic Microbial Fertilizerfrom Poultry Manure

Hoang Xuan Anh, Tong Ngoc Tuan, Nguyen Huu Huong

Date Received: 13-11-2018 / Date Accepted: 05-03-2019
At present, for the rapid drying of poultry manure, high price drying mixer must beimported. Thus, design and manufacture of a small size dryer are required to produce organic fertilizer from poultry manure and to reduce poultry manure processing time, improve the quality of organic fertilizer, reduce investment and production costs, and reduce environmental pollution. Combining theoretical and experimental research and using graphic design software such as SolidWorks, AutoCAD, and Inventor were employed to select the structure, operating principles and specification of technical parameters and to test working performance of themixer. Drying machine with the capacity of 500kg/batch was of lightweight structure and easy to manufacture and install, operate and clean. The machine was of low cost, suitable for processing poultry manure into organic/microbial fertilizers and for drying various types of livestock wastes. In addition to the poultry manure processing, the machine can be used for drying or mixing complete feeds from ground raw materials of naturally-derived or concentrate feeds with locally available ingredients.
Use of Microbial Formulations to Produce Bio-Organic Fertilizer from Mushroom Culture Residues and Chicken Manure

Nguyen Van Thao, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, Nguyen Thi Minh, Nguyen Thu Ha, Do Nguyen Hai

Date Received: 18-08-2015 / Date Accepted: 09-11-2015
A study was conducted to identify suitable microbial formulation for producing bio-organic fertilizer from mushroom culture residues and chicken manure. Tendays after composting, the temprature in the middle of the compost mix inoculated withCPVSV3 (CT3) ranged from 51 to 56oC, higher than thosein other treatments andremained for5 to 7 days. After 30 days, the C/N ratio was lowest in the CT3 (13.64) while the amounts of total N (1.04%), available phosphorus (187,9 mg/100g) and potassium (416,2 mg/100g) were higherthan those in othertreatments. The microbial formulationCPVSV3 helpedrestrict the growth of E.coliand Salmonellaand increased thenumber of amonium and cellulose decomposingbacteria. The concentrationof heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) in the bio-organic fertilizer were much lower compared toVietnamese standard. The actual yield of baby bok choy (Brassica rapa ssp.Chinensis) applied withmicro-organic fertilizer reached 1.18 kg/m2, higher than that in traditional manure application.The amounts of As, Cd, Pb, Hg as well as number of E.coli, Salmonellain baby bok choy were also lower than Vietnamese standard set by the Ministry of Health. The results suggested that the microbial formulationCPVSV3 is suitable for handling the mushroomculture residueand chicken manure mix toproducebio-organic fertilizer for safe agricultural production.
Astudy on Aerobic Composting for Treating Poultry Manure and Applying Initially in Decomposing Poultry Carcasses

Pham Hong Ngan, Cam Thi Thu Ha, Dinh Phuong Nam, Hoang Minh Duc

Date Received: 21-03-2012 / Date Accepted: 05-06-2012
The experiment was implemented to identify the effectiveness of aerobic composting of chickrn manure and dead chicken over 40 day period through two experimental groups. The main difference of these groups was that the layers of chicken manure were separated by using rice husk in second group and the ratio between chicken waste and rice husk (3.42 : 1 and 2.5:1 respectively). The results demonstrated that the optimal temperature was obtained from first experimental group, where temperature reached a peak of 74.50C after 4 days during process of experiment. This group was also advantgeous that rice husk quantity could be saved. After 40 day period of experiment, Salmonella was negative, the quantity of Coliform and E.coli declined significantly. Coliform decreased from approximately 4.05.107 to less than 102. Similarly, E.coli also declined to less than 3 per MPN. The first application of aerobic composting to treat dead chicken demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of this method. Dead chickens were completely decomposed after 20 day. NH3 and H2S were not detected at 1 m, 5m, 10m and 20 m distances from experimental site.

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