ANALYSIS OF SWINE MOVEMENTS IN A PROVINCE IN NORTHERN VIETNAM AND APPLICATION IN THE DESIGN OF SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES2

Date Received: 02-07-2025

Date Published: 02-07-2025

##submissions.doi##: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2016.14.10.

Views

0

Downloads

0

Issue: Vol. 14 No. 10 (2016)

Section:

TỔNG QUAN

How to Cite:

Baudon, E. ., Fournie, G., Hiep, D., Pham, T. T. H., Duboz, R., Ly, M., … Peyre, M. (2025). ANALYSIS OF SWINE MOVEMENTS IN A PROVINCE IN NORTHERN VIETNAM AND APPLICATION IN THE DESIGN OF SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES2. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2016.14.10.

ANALYSIS OF SWINE MOVEMENTS IN A PROVINCE IN NORTHERN VIETNAM AND APPLICATION IN THE DESIGN OF SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES2

E. Baudon , G. Fournie , D.T. Hiep , T. T. H. Pham , R. Duboz , M. Ge Ly , M. Peiris , B. J. Cowling , V. D. Ton (*) , M. Peyre

  • Tác giả liên hệ: [email protected]

    • Keywords

    Network analysis, swine movements, Infectious disease, disease surveillance, South-East Asia, Vietnam

    Abstract


    While swine production is rapidly growing in South-East Asia, the structure of the swine industry and the dynamic of pig movements have not been well-studied. However, this knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding the dynamic of disease transmission in swine populations and designing cost-effective surveillance strategies for infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the farming and trading practices in the Vietnamese swine familial farming sector, which accounts for most pigs in Vietnam, and for which disease surveillance is a major challenge. Farmers from two communes of a Red River Delta Province (northern Vietnam) were interviewed, along with traders involved in pig transactions. Major differences in the trade structure were observed between the two communes. One commune had mainly transversal trades that is between farms of equivalent sizes, whereas the other had pyramidal trades that is from larger to smaller farms. Companies and large familial farrow-to-finish farms were likely to act as major sources of disease spread through pig sales, demonstrating their importance for disease control. Familial fattening farms with high pig purchases were at greater risk of disease introduction and should be targeted for disease detection as part of a risk-based surveillance. In contrast, many other familial farms were isolated or weakly connected to the swine trade network limiting their relevance for surveillance activities. However, some of these farms used boar hiring for breeding, increasing the risk of disease spread. Most familial farms were slaughtering pigs at the farm or in small local slaughterhouses, making the surveillance at the slaughterhouse inefficient. In terms of spatial distribution of the trades, the results suggested that northern provinces were highly connected and showed some connection with central and southern provinces. These results are useful to develop risk-based surveillance protocols for disease detection in the swine familial sector and to make recommendations for disease control.

    References

    Bigras-Poulin, M., K. Barfod, S. Mortensen, and M. Greiner, 2007: Relationship of trade patterns of the Danish swine industry animal movements network to potential disease spread. Prev. Vet. Med. 80, 143-165.

    Buttner, K., J. Krieter, A. Traulsen, and I. Traulsen, 2013: Static network analysis of a pork supply chain in Northern Germany - characterisation of the potential spread of infectious diseases via animal movements. Prev. Vet. Med. 110, 418-428.

    Cameron, A. R., 2012: The consequences of risk-based surveil- lance: developing output-based standards for surveillance to demonstrate freedom from disease. Prev. Vet. Med. 105, 280-286.

    Cocks, P., R. Abila, A. Bouchot, C. Benigno, S. Morzaria, P. Inthavong, N. V. Long, N. Bourgeois-Luthi, A. Scoizet, and S. Sieng, 2009: FAO ADB and OIE SEAFMD Study on Cross- Border movement and market chains of large ruminants and pigs in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. FAO ADB and OIE SEAFMD, Thailand.

    Coker, R. J., B. M. Hunter, J. W. Rudge, M. Liverani, and P. Hanvoravongchai, 2011: Emerging infectious diseases in southeast Asia: regional challenges to control. Lancet 377, 599-609.

    Csardi, G., and T. Nepusz, 2006: The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJ. Complex Syst. 1695. Available at http://igraph.sf.net (accessed December 04, 2014).

    Dorjee, S., C. W. Revie, Z. Poljak, W. B. McNab, and J. Sanchez,

    : Network analysis of swine shipments in Ontario, Canada, to support disease spread modelling and risk-based disease management. Prev. Vet. Med. 112, 118-127.

    Dube, C., C. Ribble, D. Kelton, and B. McNab, 2011: Introduc- tion to network analysis and its implications for animal dis- ease modelling. Rev. Sci. Tech. 30, 425-436.

    FAO, 2014: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas. Avail- able at http://kids.fao.org/glipha/# (accessed 24 October 2014).

    Fevre, E. M., B. M. Bronsvoort, K. A. Hamilton, and S. Cleave- land, 2006: Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol. 14, 125-131.

    Fisher, H., and J. Gordon, 2008: Breeding and Feeding Pigs in Vietnam: Assessment of Capacity Building and an Update on Impacts. ACIAR Impact Assessment Series Report. ACIAR, Australia. 52, 56 pp.

    Fournie, G., J. Guitian, S. Desvaux, V. C. Cuong, H. Dung do, D. U. Pfeiffer, P. Mangtani, and A. C. Ghani, 2013: Interven- tions for avian influenza A (H5N1) risk management in live bird market networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9177-9182.

    GSO, 2011a: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Number of pigs by province in 2011. Available at http://www.gso.gov.vn/ (accessed October 24, 2014).

    GSO, 2011b: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Number of poultry by province in 2011. Available at: http:// www.gso.gov.vn/ (accessed October 24, 2014).

    GSO, 2012: General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Area, popula- tion and population density in 2012 by province. Available at: http://www.gso.gov.vn/ (accessed October 24, 2014).

    GSO, 2014: Vietnamese government information portal. Avail- able at: http://gis.chinhphu.vn/vbdmap.aspx# (accessed Octo- ber 24, 2014).

    ILRI, 2014: Improving the competitiveness of pig producers in an adjusting Vietnam market. Available at: http://www.viet- pigs.com.vn/ (accessed October 23, 2014).

    Jones, K. E., N. G. Patel, M. A. Levy, A. Storeygard, D. Balk, J. L. Gittleman, and P. Daszak, 2008: Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451, 990-993.

    Jones, B. A., D. Grace, R. Kock, S. Alonso, J. Rushton, M. Y. Said, D. McKeever, F. Mutua, J. Young, J. McDermott, and D. U. Pfeiffer, 2013: Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 8399-8404.

    Jost, C. C., S. Nzietchueng, S. Kihu, B. Bett, G. Njogu, E. S. Swai, and J. C. Mariner, 2010: Epidemiological assessment of the Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya and Tanzania in 2006 and 2007. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 65-72.

    Kamakawa, A., T. V. Ho, and S. Yamada, 2006: Epidemio- logical survey of viral diseases of pigs in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 1999 and 2003. Vet. Microbiol. 118, 47-56.

    Lapar, L., T. B. Vu, and S. Ehui, 2003: Identifying barriers to entry to livestock input and output markets in Southeast Asia. FAO Livestock sector report, FAO, Vietnam.

    Martin, V., X. Zhou, E. Marshall, B. Jia, G. Fusheng, M. A. Fran- codixon, N. Dehaan, D. U. Pfeiffer, R. J. Soares Magalhaes, and M. Gilbert, 2011: Risk-based surveillance for avian influ- enza control along poultry market chains in South China: the value of social network analysis. Prev. Vet. Med. 102, 196-205.

    Martinez-Lopez, B., A. M. Perez, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino, 2009a: Combined application of social network and cluster detection analyses for temporal-spatial characterization of animal movements in Salamanca, Spain. Prev. Vet. Med. 91, 29-38.

    Martinez-Lopez, B., A. M. Perez, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino, 2009b: Social network analysis. Review of general concepts and use in preventive veterinary medicine. Transbound Emerg. Dis. 56, 109-120.

    Ngo, L. T., Y. Hiromoto, V. P. Pham, H. T. Le, H. T. Nguyen, V. T. Le, N. Takemae, and T. Saito, 2012: Isolation of novel tri- ple-reassortant swine H3N2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influ- enza virus in Vietnam in 2010. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 6, 6-10.

    Noremark, M., N. Hakansson, S. S. Lewerin, A. Lindberg, and A. Jonsson, 2011: Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden: measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance. Prev. Vet. Med. 99, 78-90.

    R Core Team, 2013: R: A Language and Environment for Statis- tical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed November 26, 2014).

    Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo, H., R. Duboz, R. Lancelot, O. F. Maminiaina, M. Jourdan, T. M. Rakotondramaro, S. N. Rak- otonjanahary, R. S. de Almeida, Rakotondravao, B. Durand, and V. Chevalier, 2014: Description and analysis of the poul- try trading network in the Lake Alaotra region, Madagascar: implications for the surveillance and control of Newcastle dis- ease. Acta Trop., 135, 10-18.

    Rautureau, S., B. Dufour, and B. Durand, 2012: Structural vul- nerability of the French swine industry trade network to the spread of infectious diseases. Animal, 6, 1152-1162.

    Smith, T. C., A. L. Harper, R. Nair, S. E. Wardyn, B. M. Hanson, D. D. Ferguson, and A. E. Dressler, 2011: Emerging swine zoonoses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 1225-1234.

    Smith, R. P., A. J. Cook, and R. M. Christley, 2013: Descriptive and social network analysis of pig transport data recorded by quality assured pig farms in the UK. Prev. Vet. Med. 108, 167-177.

    Smoot, M. E., K. Ono, J. Ruscheinski, P. L. Wang, and T. Ideker, 2011: Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics 27, 431-432.

    Soares Magalhaes, R. J., A. Ortiz-Pelaez, K. L. Thi, Q. H. Dinh, J. Otte, and D. U. Pfeiffer, 2010: Associations between attributes of live poultry trade and HPAI H5N1 outbreaks: a descriptive and network analysis study in northern Vietnam. BMC Vet. Res. 6, 10.

    Soares Magalhaes, R. J., X. Zhou, B. Jia, F. Guo, D. U. Pfeiffer, and V. Martin, 2012: Live poultry trade in Southern China provinces and HPAIV H5N1 infection in humans and poul- try: the role of Chinese New Year festivities. PLoS One 7, e49712.

    Thakur, K. K., C. W. Revie, D. Hurnik, Z. Poljak, and J. Sanchez, 2014: Analysis of swine movement in four Canadian regions: network structure and implications for disease spread. Trans- bound Emerg. Dis. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12225.

    Trevennec, K., L. Leger, F. Lyazrhi, E. Baudon, C. Y. Che- ung, F. Roger, M. Peiris, and J. M. Garcia, 2012: Trans- mission of pandemic influenza H1N1 (2009) in Vietnamese swine in 2009-2010. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 6, 348-357.

    Van Kerkhove, M. D., S. Vong, J. Guitian, D. Holl, P. Mangtani, S. San, and A. C. Ghani, 2009: Poultry movement networks in Cambodia: implications for surveillance and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI/H5N1). Vaccine 27, 6345-6352.

    Vijaykrishna, D., G. J. Smith, O. G. Pybus, H. Zhu, S. Bhatt, L. L. Poon, S. Riley, J. Bahl, S. K. Ma, C. L. Cheung, R. A. Perera, H. Chen, K. F. Shortridge, R. J. Webby, R. G. Webster, Y. Guan, and J. S. Peiris, 2011: Long-term evolution and trans- mission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature 473, 519-522.