Asian Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Three - Effect Analysis of Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects by Income Group

Date Received: 05-01-2026

Date Accepted: 02-07-2026

Date Published: 27-08-2026

##submissions.doi##: https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2026.24.8.11

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Issue: Vol. 24 No. 8 (2026): Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam

Section:

KINH TẾ XÃ HỘI VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN NÔNG THÔN

How to Cite:

Binh, V., & Anh, D. (2026). Asian Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Three - Effect Analysis of Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects by Income Group. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(8), 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.31817/tckhnnvn.2026.24.8.11

Asian Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Three - Effect Analysis of Scale, Composition, and Technique Effects by Income Group

Vuong Thi Thao Binh (*) , Dao Ngoc Quynh Anh 1

  • Tác giả liên hệ: [email protected]
  • 1 Đại học Tuscia, Ý

    • Keywords

    Greenhouse gas emissions, three - effect analysis of scale, composition, and technique, environmental Kuznets Curve, Asian countries

    Abstract


    Asian farming systems present a complex challenge: they serve as the backbone for both food security and rural livelihoods while simultaneously contributing substantial greenhouse gas emissions, yet how these environmental impacts vary across different development stages remains poorly understood. Our investigation studied greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) alongside aggregate GHG levels to capture how agricultural factors influence each emission source differently. Drawing on panel data spanning 1990-2022, we employed ARDL and GLS modeling approaches, employing the three - effect analytical framework through its three mechanisms-scale, composition, and technique effects-to explore income - pollution dynamics. Our findings were consistent with the three - effect framework: wealthier nations demonstrate reduced environmental footprints through stringent regulations and advanced technologies. Agricultural exports amplified emissions in lower and lower - middle income countries while reducing them in high - income economies. Farm labor force expansion drived long - term emission increases, with particularly pronounced effects in poorer nations. Agricultural value - added showed contrasting impacts across income categories. The study further proposes several policy directions aimed at reconciling growth objectives with denvironmental protection across Asia.

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